• Weber classification according to proximity to syndesmosis
• walking boot - for isolated lateral malleolus fracture with < 3mm displacement, intact mortise and no talar shift
• if the mortise is well reduced, results from operative and non-operative treatment are similar

• walking boot - nondisplaced fracture and tip avulsions
• operative - any displacement or talar shift

• POP cast - elderly or can not tolerate anaesthetic
• operative - others

• walking boot - <25% of articular surface involved (CT measurement as XRay unreliable), <2 mm articular stepoff, syndesmotic stability
• operative - others

Treatment of ankle fractures is based on the stability of the ankle joint.

• Stable ankle fractures are those in which the talus remains centered under the tibia, meaning that no medial-sided injury (with resultant lateral shift of the talus) has occurred
• stable fractures are usually managed non-operatively with protected weight bearing.

• tendinopathy is a degenerative not an inflammatory condition c/w tendinitis which is inflammatory
• Haglund's syndrome - triad of 1. insertional achilles tendinopathy, 2. retrocalcaneal bursitis, 3. Haglund deformity (i.e. posterosuperior calcaneal exostosis)
• tendinitis, tendinopathy and Achilles rupture have been associated with Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, pefloxacin, and norfloxacin)
• has been seen within hours of 1st dose
• Low-dose corticosteroids in isolation have been implicated in Achilles tendon rupture but used concomitantly with fluoroquinolones increases risk
• fluoroquinolones should not be used in children because of the risk in load bearing cartilage

J Athl 2014. Tendonopathies and fluoroquinolones in athletes
achilles tendinopathy. J of sports med - a review 2002

https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1047/ankle-fractures
https://musculoskeletalkey.com/43-ankle-fractures-and-dislocations/