• uncommon and not often complete
• more commonly cervical
• transverse hemisection - most often penetrating trauma but may be compression
• unilateral cord compression

• ipsilateral spastic paresis
• ipsilateral loss - proprioception and vibration (Dorsal columns)
• contralateral loss - pain and temperature (anterolat spinothalamic)

• Direct Compression - disc protrusion, abdominal aortic aneurysm, mass
• Thrombosis of anterior spinal artery
• Paraplegia below level of lesion (corticospinal)

• corticospinal - paraplegia below level of lesion
• lat spinothalamic - loss of pain/temp
• autonomic dysfunction - orthostasis, bowel, bladder, sexual dysfunction

• uncommon and usually result of penetrating trauma
• occasionally hyperextension injury with vertebral fractures

• altered proprioception, vibration (Dorsal columns)

• Elderly with degenerative arthritis/spondylosis - beware!
• Hyperextension injury of cervical spine
• Central canal ependymoma
• Syringomyelia (progressive, chronic, pain/temperature loss first)

• spectrum starting as cape like distribution leading to full quadriplegia with sacral sparing
• prominent upper limb weakness with variable sensory loss, often with preservation of vibration/position sense (Dorsal columns)
• may have bladder dysfunction. Retention rather than incontinence
• (with small lesions) pain/temp loss UL>LL
• prognosis compared with other incomplete spinal cord injuries is better but takes at least 12/12

neurological complication of vitamin B12 deficiency

• characterized by degeneration of the dorsal columns and the lateral columns of the spinal cord due to demyelination.
• commonly presents with sensory deficits, paresthesia, weakness, ataxia, and gait disturbance.
• In severe untreated cases, it can lead to spasticity and paraplegia